Answers : SECTION-III

PASSAGE-1

Both media officials and newswriters or reporters thus have a primary economic function in relation to their respective parent corporation, and secondarily a social function presumed to be based on society’s need for accurate and complete information.  These roles are balanced through the choice of stories that, when published or broadcast, determine what information will be presented (and, as importantly, how it will be presented) to the public.  Not suprisingly, the yardstick by which stories are measured for inclusion in a news program or page is denied, at least in part, by a story’s adherence to general social values that reflect those of the bourgeois owner, advertiser, and news executive.

To the extent that any journalist or news organization attempts to fulfill its instrumental goal of ‘unbiased’ or ‘objective’ reportage, it must do so within the context of a process through which events  are daily excluded from the page or broadcast period while others are included.  No media organization despite the ‘New York Times’  hoary masthead boast-can print, publish, or broadcast “all the news that’s fit to print”.  As Time  magazine writer William Henry III put it :  “Journalism at best only approximates reality, because writers must inevitably select and compress.”  While fulfilling their assumed social  role  as providers of information to the public sphere, news professionals constantly, consistently, and of necessity must exclude some events while following and emphasizing others.

Thus editors, newswriters, and broadcast producers function by definition as information gatekeepers channeling specific types of information into publication or broadcast presentation while excluding others.   The concept of the news professional as gatekeeper was introduced in 1950 by David White and since then has been applied by various researchers to a wide range of news studies.  What is included and what is excluded is not haphazard, however.  These decisions obey a consistent set of social and political values that are generally acknowledged to reflect the view of publishers, politicians, and the status quo. 

Other mechanisms have been described that assign positions of relative importance tp each story accepted for publication and thus deemed suitable by the gatekeepers for the public sphere.  These  can be thought of as the channels through which the gatekeeper acts and are usually defined as the “agenda-setting’ function of news.  Socially, ‘agenda-setting theory maintains that gatekeeping serves a valuable societal function.   It reduces the array of issues before the public, presents a manageable agenda and helps bring about a society consensus.  Practically, the assumption is that audiences respond to cues presented by news editors and broadcasters-frequency of story repetition over time, length of time(or column inches0 given to a story, use of visuals with a story-as keys to the relative importance of any topic covered.  These and other factors thus define the specific medium’s, the general media’s and, by extension, society’s agenda of important issues.  The accepted assumption is that, these decisions  are  made by those who report the news, assign journalists to cover events, and edit those discrete stories into a newspaper page or broadcast package.  As Maxwell McCombs and Donald Shaw said their frequently cited 1972 study: “In choosing and displaying news, editors, newsroom staff, and broadcasters play an important part in shaping political reality”.

Proponents maintain that it is through this active shaping of the public vision that “the press serves a valuable societal function.  “Further, there is typically in any news market a high degree of unanimity among news professionals on the importance of any single story and, usually, on the way it will be covered.  This unanimity is due in part, as we will see, to the degree to which news value  is primarily defined by public or corporate officials through personal statements or press releases.  Supporters of the agenda-setting theory, which has gained wide currency among academic journalists and communication theorists, argue its efficacy whatever the specific subject.  It has been applied to political issues, environmental issues, and the general composition of a television news hour’s story lineup.

But none of the hundreds of newsroom decisions, each of which defines the way a specific event will be treated, are value-free.  The news is not objective but rather a continuous series of decisions that reflect general social and cultural principles.  As Gaye Tuchman  has written: News is a  window on the world….  But like any frame that delineates the world, the news frame may be considered problematic.  The view through the window depends on whether the window is large or small, has many panes or few, whether the glass is opaque or clear.”

Discussions of gate keeping and agenda setting are ways to define the size of the window and the angle at which it either reflects or refracts specific events.  The theory assumes that the decision on what to let in or through the gate, and the placement of a story or stories in society’s agenda, frame, writers of most persuasions agree, is a consistent ideology whose values reflect those of advertisers, media owners, and the ruling elite.  This perspective has been summarized by Herb Gans as “ the hidden values of moderation as opposed to extremism, individualism as opposed to collectivism, reform as opposed to tearing down the system, independence, the dignity of work, enlightened democracy, responsible capitalisms.” Not surprisingly, these values, which define what will be the news, are also those held by the ruling. “equestrian class”’ which owns the media and sets the nation’s political tone.

A. information gatekeepers
B. editors, newswriter & broadcast producers
C. advertisers, media owners & broadcast producers
D. all of the above

A. choosing stories that serve  a valuable societal function
B. sifting through the day’s news and choosing unbiased and objective reports only 
C. keep tabs on what most news journalists cover
D. choosing stories which suit reigning ideologies and help shape society’ s agenda of important issues

A. The story lineups go a long way in shaping/gearing social opinion towards   the dominant elitist political view
B. The story lineups reflect the news of the ruling political party 
C. The story line ups go a long way in deciding the dominant view
D. None of the above

A. The ruling political party splits
B. A naxalite is found dead in police custody 
C. A famous actress has been declared bankrupt
D. A bank in the capital is robbed in broad daylight

A. Under the guise of “unbiased” and “objective” news the press actually fools the public
B. The press sets up a politically correct issues agenda in the minds of the public. 
C. The press is a window on the world but is opinionated
D. Can’t say

A. the depth of study according to the agenda  set by the information gatekeepers
B. the stand taken on any particular issue 
C. the sorting out of events that need to be highlighted and those brushed under the table
D. all of the above

A. Journalism imposes a self regulated discipline when it comes to sorting information.
B.  Every press story essentially has a hidden agenda.
C. All kinds of journalism is actually sifting through material and making it presentable.
D. Media officials, news writers and reporters are like company executives whose first loyalty is to their respective bosses.

PASSAGE -2

A third of a century has passed since the first U.S Surgeon General’s report on smoking persuasively assembled the scientific case on the lethal effects of the habit.  Yet the rest of the Federal Government deftly manipulated by the powerful tobacco industry and fearful of antagonizing the industry’s tens of millions of addicted customers, has allowed the cigarette to remain our most deadly but least regulated consumer product.  Its manufacturers, meanwhile, doggedly denied that the ever mounting medical evidence against them constituted conclusive proof, yet insisted, with ultimate brass, that smokers had been amply warned of the health risks they might be running- and got the Supreme Court essentially to agree with them.  As a result , Americans have prematurely lost 4 million collective years of life annually in our worst, if routinely accepted, public-health scandal.

Last week’s proposed settlement between the industry and the public’s representatives, if its often murky words can be satisfactorily  translated into federal statutory language, gives real hope of at last reining in the cigarette makers’ unconscionable conduct, in which the nation as  a whole has too long been complicitous.  Some key points to bear in mind about the deal:

It is tantamount to a rogue industry’s confession of decades of malfeasance, misfeasance and nonfeasance,.  True, most smokers have grasped that they were flirting with grave health consequence, but their awareness owed no thanks to the industry.  Its Council for Tobacco Research and in-house scientists failed to undertake serious, sustained inquiry into the casual links between smoking  and disease formation (no doubt out of fear that  what they might find would put them out of business).  Its Tobacco Institute picked apart every new Surgeon General’s report and trivialized the damning findings of dedicated independent public-health investigators.  And its executives, in what amounted to a premeditated conspiracy to dis-inform the American  people, continued to deny what they and their scientists, according to a critical mass of internal documents unearthed during the past decade, knew to be true about the addictive claims by victimized smokers, the industry is at least sparing the nation years of litigation that the companies where doomed to lose sooner or later and that might  delay  indefinitely the onset of vitally needed tobacco-control measures.

The punishment money is the least important part of the package.  It cannot resurrect all those millions of dead smokers or cure  those now terminally afflicted.  Besides, current high cigarette excise taxes already cover much of the states’ public health outlay to care sick smokers.  The settlement price is really meant to put a dent in  the American tobacco industry’s bottom line.  But by gradually jacking up the retail price of the 24 billion packs they sell in the U.S annually and saving much of their present multibillion-dollar-a-year advertising, promotion and merchandising budget (thanks to restrictions on those outlays in the settlement package), the companies will be able to meet the $15 billion-a-year punishment cost without remotely jeopardizing their solvency.

Teenage smoking will not go away-the industry’s survival depends on it.  However, by making cigarettes less accessible and more costly to youngsters, by de-glamorizing the habit through less seductive ads and a b ban on brand name promotions, and by stigmatizing it will a broad antismoking ad campaign paid for by the industry, the settlement materially strengthens the Clinton Administration initiative to discourage teen smoking.  It is, in effect, a vigorous exercise in preventive medicine that is both sound public policy and shrewd politics.  Remember, though, that kids smoke in part because it’s dangerous, not in spite of it, and forbidden fruit, no matter how badly spotted, rarely loses its allure.

The crucial element is the extent of the Food and Drug Administration’s regulatory control over the way cigarettes are manufactured and packaged.  All the marketing restrictions in the deal will amount to little if the product remains as deadly as ever.  And since the entire scientific case  against smoking is premised on dose-related data (e.g., the stronger the yields of the armful ingredients in each cigarette and the greater the smoker’s total intake of them, the higher the risk of dying prematurely), all medical logic suggests that forcing the manufacturers to reduce the toxic potency of their product  could significantly reduce the horrific toll t now exacts.  Under the proposed settlement, the FDA is reportedly to be granted the power to modify cigarettes in this fashion over time-without the industry’s fighting it tooth and claw or the need for congressional blessing of each new round of mandated yield reductions.  Of vital importance as well, the FDA would be similarly empowered to require far more conspicuous and dire health warnings on every cigarette pack and full disclosure of its harmful ingredients.

Unless this empowerment-to control not only the nicotine content of cigarettes, already approved by a federal court, but their tar, carbon monoxide, carcinogenic flavorings, and other additives as well is a basic part of the deal and not conditioned on the FDA’s have to meet evidentiary standards of the industry’s devising, the whole settlement package is a toothless wonder  and should be tabled.  Even granted essential regulatory muscle, the FDA needs both the resolve to carry forward its regimen and the funding to do it properly; perhaps revenues from a higher federal cigarette tax should be  earmarked for this purpose.  Arguments the government-certified weaker cigarettes might only encourage youngsters to take up the habit, would-be quitters not to, and addicted smokers to consume more cigarettes to compensate for their reduced fix per puff  cannot be airily dismissed.  But failure to outlaw the present high-yielding brands is a far more perilous course.

Unless the legal fine print unduly favors the industry ,  there is no political downside for either party in embracing the deal.  Bill Clinton has deservedly won wide public support by becoming the first avowedly antismoking President; it is Congress, so long under his party’s control, that deserves public scorn for letting a dirty business get away with mass mayhem all these years.  The lawmakers will now have the chance to redeem themselves, ideally without resort to the usual anti-regulatory rhetoric from the present Republican majority.  If government will not act effectively to protect the public health how can its very existence be justified?  Death, after all, is relentlessly nonpartisan.

A. The  Federal Government allowed the cigarette to remain the most deadly and yet the least regulated consumer product
B.  Manufactures denied the ever mounting medical evidence against cigarettes and got the Supreme Court to agree with them.
C. The Federal government, fearful of antagonizing millions of addicted customers ignored all medical evidence
D. All of the above

A. By turning the settlement into a Federal Statutory law
B. By making an otherwise complicitous nation realise the dangers of smoking 
C. A & B
D. None of the above

A. By capitulating now, the industry has cut short the delay of vitally needed tobacco control measures
B. The $15 billion a year punishment cost will go a long way in creating a dent  in the tobacco industry’s bottomline 
C. The settlement will jack up the retail price of cigarettes
D. The settlement will discourage the teenage  smoking

A. their advertising budget has been cut down so they will also save from their advertising, promotion and merchandising budgets
B. over the years, they have to raise their prices in a retail market 
C. A and B
D. current high cigarettes excise taxes cover much of the states’ public health outlay to care for sick smokers

A. kids smoke because it is forbidden rather than just fun
B. no amount of propaganda will change a teenage smokers mind 
C. A & B
D. none of the above

A. the FDA did not have any control over the toxic potency of the cigarette
B. the cigarette was  the least regulated consume product 
C. they did not have the funding or the  resolve to do so
D. less nicotine would any way just increase a smokers’ per day consumption

A. for  bill Clinton this was another feather in his cap
B. the tobacco industry has relented and paid for its sins, in the eyes of the public 
C. the law  makers who had been misinformed had their chance to clear their conscience
D. all of the above

A. the FDA is known to be corrupt and lacks funds
B. the FDA should also have control over the entire ingredient list of cigarettes and does not need to table evidence before taking any measure 
C. the FDA should also get to control elements other than nicotine which are hazardous in cigarette
D. the FDA cannot control the high yielding brands

A. A rogue industry has been brought to book
B. Teenagers will now be aware of the hazards of smoking 
C. The empowerment of the FDA in control of manufacturing and packaging of cigarettes
D. The settlement is made into federal statutory law

A. they can now change  the profile of cigarettes without the industry or the politicians interference.
B. now it does not have to face the industry’s antagonism 
C. they can now decide promotion budgets
D. none of the above

A. Death does not belong to any party
B.  If the Government does not act effectively then that government will die
C. The author is warning  the government that smoking as a public health hazard will have its effects on them as well
D. None of the above

PASSAGE-3 

Obtaining solutions to the problem of waste disposal has become a priority of extreme importance in every nation of the world.  Increased ecological awareness, combined with the desire to safeguard natural resources and the environment, have brought about a need to improve the cycle of obtaining raw materials, their disposal and reutilization. 

Two operating philosophies have gained acceptance in this sphere: saving on consumption, i.e. avoiding the squandering of resources, and the recovery of materials contained in waste, which can be reused in the productive process. 

In Italy, which has a dense population concentrated in a territory of particular environmental value, the need to find a solution to the waste problem has given impetus to scientific and technological research in this sector, resulting in the application of valuable technical innovations. 

The production of solid waste in Italy has increased by over 50% in past decade, from 0.7 kg per inhabitant per day in 1984 to more than1.1 kg per inhabitant per day in 1994.  As regards the content of the waste, there has been an increase in the lightest portion (paper, cardboard, textiles) resulting from the increased use of throwaway containers and packaging in general. 

The presence of organic substances has diminished, now accounting for around 20 to 25% of waste material, while there has been a growth in the use of plastic (8 to 12%) and glass (8 to 10%) . The average heating value of these materials is 1,500 to 2,000 kcal per kg. 

Upto now, sanitary landfill has been the most widely used method of waste disposal, for reasons of cost-effectiveness as compared to other technologies.  The artificial waterproofing of the ground beneath the landfill with geomembrane(polyvinylchloride or polyethylene) is common.  The waste is compacted with special mobile machines and covered with a layer of earth every two or three metres each day to avoid the spreading of odours and the scattering of waste. 

The gathering and employment of the biogas which forms during the anaerobic fermentation of the waste mass is of particular interest.  This gas, chiefly constituted of methane (over 55% of the total volume is an excellent fuel (5,500 kcal/Nm3) and can be used for the production of thermic energy and electricity as well as (after some additional treatment) to fuel motor vehicles. 

The results of the technical solutions adopted in the waste disposal centres of large Italian cities such as Turin, Milan, Bologna and Brescia are notable.  In Turin, the collected gas partly feeds a co-generation power station, and partly a purification plant for the elimination of carbon dioxides: after compression into cylinders, the fuel allows for the waste-collection trucks to be powered. 

Another technology, thermodestruction and energy recovery, has been adopted primarily in big cities or large regions.  The heating value of the waste is generally high because of the presence of plastic materials, packaging and composites, which makes other solutions such as recycling the materials or the production of compost (organic fertilizer)  inefficient by comparison. The process requires combustion in furnaces. 

In the normal thermodestruction process, after the drying phase, there arises, ‘competition’ between two extremely diverse phenomena: combustion, or thermodestruction via oxidization, and pyrolysis, or themodestruction in the absence of oxygen.  In between these two processes lies gasification, for while combustion prevails close to the walls of the high-temperature combustion chamber, inside the combustible mass where poorly aerated zones exist, pyrolysis, which ‘distils;’ the  most volatile components and recombines them into simpler organic compounds, takes place. 

The thermodestruction process applied, using plants available on the market, are:

-                   incineration via direct combustion, which destroys the potential polluting capacity of the waste by oxidizing the organic substances at high temperatures and mineralizing the inorganic substances present.  As  a result, there is  weight reduction of 30% and 10% respectively of the incoming materials, which allows for the daily disposal of waste rather than its accumulation;

-                   gasification(oxidization-‘distillation’) which transforms the largest portion of the potential energy contained in the initial amount of waste into a gas current and generates a low calorific value gas, unsuitable for transport but usable in internal combustion engines for the generation of electric and thermal energy;

-                   pyrolysis, which  causes the physical and chemical decomposition of waste by the destructive distillation of the organic matter and the chemical bonds, obtained by reheating them at atmospheric pressure in the absence of air, creating solids  and gas with high calorific value. 

The choice of any of these forms of energy recovery depends, apart from their reliability , cost and technological maturity, on the appropriateness of each.

It is worth pointing out that, to be truly effective, thermodestruction must be applied on purified waste, for if the waste has been only partially purified, a portion, consisting of inert metals weighing about 10% of the entire mass, could block the process.

The experience of those working in the sector continues to confirm the appropriateness of mechanical treatment of urban and other comparable waste before its thermodestruction.  In this kind of thermodestruction plant, particular importance is attached to the reduction of environmental impact; in fact, it is generally supplied with adequate plants to deal with polluting emissions and improve the quality of air in areas near the industrial installation.

In waste treatment plants, the most commonly used process is composting, i.e. separating of the organic position of waste, to be subsequently transformed into organic fertilizer for agricultural use.  This microbiological process has obvious economic and environmental advantages:  it restores nutritive elements(nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, microelements)  present in the waste to the ground and permits savings on costly mineral fertilisers, besides utilising relatively less complex technology and therefore allowing for lower managing costs.  In addition, certain raw products such as sewage sludge and the residue  from agro-industrial activity can be utilised.

The process is undertaken in spaces protected from the weather, or else in bioreactors.  The waste previously selected and homogenised, is treated to microbe action for a period of at least two months.

The end-product obtained, perfectly sanitised, is primarily used to fertilize specialist cultivation such as horticulture, orchards, nurseries and gardens.

For some years now, the philosophy of guarding against squandering resources, and according value to materials contained in waste, has been gaining strength in Italy.  Greater efforts are being applied to the technique of separated collection of waste, divided by category:  paper, glass, plastic, aluminium etc.  The materials thus obtained are collected and sent to treatment centres.

In some Italian regions, the transformation to new raw materials allows for the recovery of over 10% of the waste, especially glass, plastic containers, paper and cardboard.  Many regional administrations plan to recycle over 30% of the waste produced in the short term (three to five years).

This new situation has caused interesting research to develop in most sectors, among which the most notable is that of reutilizing plastic material obtained from the collection of waste which has been divided into separate categories.

A. Italy has  a dense population concentrated in a territory of particular environmental value
B. Increased ecological awareness, combined with the desire to safeguard natural resources and the environment in Italy 
C. the philosophy of guarding against resources and according value to materials contained in waste has been gaining strength in Italy
D. All of the above

A. In every 0.7 kg around 25% is organic and about the same percentage is plastic and glass
B. In every 1.1 kg around 25% is organic and about the same percentage is plastic and glass 
C. There has been a 25% increase in the lightest portion
D. Solid has increased by over 50% in the past decade

A. Bio-gas fuels waste-collection trucks in Turin
B. The proportion of organic substances was much more than 25% earlier 
C. The sanitary land fills are the best and thus are widely used in Italy even today
D. The average heating value of organic materials, plastic and glass is 1,500 to 2,500 kcal per kg

A. in the normal thermodestructions process combustion follows gasification and pyrolysis
B.  thermodestruction via oxidisation is pyrolysis
C. thermodestruction in the absence of oxygen is gasification
D. in the normal thermodestruction  process combustion is followed by gasification and pyrolysis

A. incineration via combustion allows for daily disposal of waste
B.  pyrolysis creates solids and gas with high calorific value
C. gassification can be easily used to generate electric and thermal energy
D. the waste can be partially purified in thermodestruction processes

A. planting adequate number of trees near the industrial installation
B.  using composting to enhance the nutritive elements of waste
C. purifying the waste first and then using it in thermo-destruction plants
D. none of the above

A. it has economic and environmental advantages which cannot be ignored
B. it transforms the organic portion of waste into organic fertilizer for agricultural use. 
C. these plants use less complex technology and require smaller budgetary allocations
D. all of the above

A. The local administrations now have chalked out viable plans for recycling waste
B. New research for reusing waste is being developed in various sectors 
C. Separation of various categories of waste at the first stage of collection
D. All of the above

A. Economic and Environmental friendly
B. Reliability, cost and technological maturity 
C. Making optimum use of waste
D. All of the above

A. Waste and the Environment
B. Disposing Waste 
C. Productive  Waste
D. Waste Disposal

PASSAGE-4

In the pioneering days aviation, birds served as a model for the design of planes.  And the wings of today’s modern jets still bear a resemblance to those of our feathered friends.

In order to fulfill their most important function, that is, to generate as much lift as possible while reducing drag to a minimum, aircraft wings require a specific form.  The contour of the wing, or profile, as they say in airline jargon, plays a key role.  The wing is more curved on the top than on the bottom.  This curvature force the air to flow faster above the wing than beneath it.

The fast-moving air produces low pressure, while the slow – moving air produces high pressure.  It’s this difference in pressure that creates lift.  Since approximately two thirds of the lift is generated by suction on the upper side of the wing, aircraft designers make the surface of the wings as smooth as possible to prevent  any disruption of the airflow.

At takeoff , a large aircraft  has to accelerate to between 250 and 300 km/h.  But even such speeds would not enable a jet with a full payload to take off.  Additional aids are therefore built into the wings to create sufficient lift.  These include the large flaps, known as trailing edge flaps, which are located at the back of the wing and span three quarters of its length.  When extended  and lowered.  They increased the are of the wing and the curvature.  Special flaps at the front of the wing, called leading edge flaps, also help to increase lift.

The trailing edge flaps also have an important function during landing, when they are extended much further than at take off.  On the one hand., they create drag, which contributes to the overall braking effect; on the other, they develop the necessary lift to compensate for the decrease in airflow as the plane decelerates before landing

At cruising speed, drag should be as low as possible,.  And here aerodynamicists have several options,  Computer simulations and wind tunnel experiments are conducted to optimize the profile and the geometric contours of the wing surfaces for different aircraft types.  The angle at which the wings sweep back determines the drag at cruising speed.  And the more slender the wing, the fewer possibilities the air has to flow upwards at the wingtips and so generate undesirable currents or “ wingtip vortices”.

The wingtips of many modern airliners are also fitted with miniature wings pointing upwards almost vertically.  These winglets are designed to minimize the decelerating effects of the air exchange. 

Although their main task is to produce as much lift and as little drag as possible, wings also perform a number of other functions which enable the aircraft to fly.  For example, when a plane is banking on the wings:  the traditional ailerons on the outer wing, the smaller back trailing edge areas between the landing flap segments, and the spoilers.

Spoilers are flaps built into the upper surface of the wing, which the pilot can raise on either side, as required.  The spoilers decrease the lift slightly, thus forcing the wings downwards and enabling the aircraft to bank.  When activated on both wings simultaneously, they serve as a highly efficient air brake – not just in flight but also after touchdown.

But the wings are not only an important aerodynamic feature of an aircraft;  they also have to be able to carry the engines and the large-capacity fuel tanks.  This burden, however, is actually beneficial.  Although the combined weight of the large engines and the fuel (thousands of liters of kerosene) weighs by force of the lift.  Mounting the engines on the wings has another significant effect:  the wings can be built considerably lighter than if the engines were installed at the rear of the aircraft or the  tanks placed in the fuselage.

Wing design and optimization are the aircraft manufacture’s  most important-and most costly-undertakings.  Tailored to each specific aircraft type, the wings help determine how safely, how fast and how economically an aircraft can fly.

A. Like the wings of a bird
B. It is more curved at the top than at the bottom and has a smooth surface 
C. The curvature of the wings, with the fuel tanks, engines and various flaps constitutes the profile
D. The contour of the wing

A. The curvature of the top part of the wing allows air to move fast producing low pressure and the opposite works for the lower part of the wing, to create a lift.
B. The curvature of the wing allows fast moving air to increase speed and  angle of the wings helps create the lift. 
C. Leading edge flaps at the front of the aircraft help increase lift
D. The smooth surfaces of the wing allow for air to move fast

A. Trailing edge flaps at the back, leading edge flaps at the front of the aircraft
B. Trailing edge flaps at the front, leading edge flaps at the back of the wing 
C. Trailing edge flaps at the back, leading edge flaps at the front of the wing
D. Trailing edge flaps at the front, leading edge flaps at the back of the aircraft

A. Wing design goes a long way in determining the speed, the distance and he safety of an aircraft
B. The more slender a wing, the more the risk the aircraft faces of getting caught in a whirlwind of air currents flowing in opposite directions 
C. Spoilers are used when a pilot needs to brake after he has landed
D. Aircraft inventors even today swear by  the flight of birds and are inspired by them

A. CDAB
B. BADC
C. CADB
D. CBAD

A. The Spoilers are put to work
B. The trailing edge flaps are extended to their utmost/limits 
C. The trailing edge flaps are used to help the plane while decelerating
D. The   winglets minimize the declaration

A. Each is tailored for specific aircraft type
B. Optimization of wing design goes a long way in ensuring a safe flight 
C. Wings determine  how safely, how fast and how economically an aircraft can fly
D. All  of the above

A. an aviation journalist
B. an aeronautic engineer 
C. a pilot
D. not clear from the passage

PASSAGE-5
   
If imitation is indeed the greatest form of flattery, choreographer Pina Bausch regularly receives more compliments than she can count.  Not only has she revolutionized modern dance.  The eccentric style she has evolved with her Tanzeater Wuppertal over more than two decades has woven itself into  the very fabric of contemporary aesthetics.  Fans find traces of her influence not just in the dance world but in theater, film, video clips and even fashion shows.  Guest appearances have made her familiar to audiences throughout the world, and have often led to collaborations with host cities- with Palermo, Madrid and Los Angeles, for example, and most recently with Hong Kong.

Yet despite her international celebrity status, the 56-year-old choreographer can still provoke both yawns and boos from those who attend a performance expecting an evening  of “entertainment”.  The Tanztheater Wuppertal seldom dances, and its theater has neither plot not protagonist.  Nor does the ensemble perform the kinds of expressive contortions often associated with “modern dance”.  In rejecting conventional choreography, Bausch attempts to come closer to its roots in ritual and celebration.  The ritual explored are typically banal:  bodybuilders flexing their muscles, a diva applying lipstick, a dandy smoothing his lapels.

Such vignettes are fused into a vast collage of human foibles, angst and aggression, seasoned with burlesque humor and a surrealist whimsy often  regarded as typically German.  The brisk crossover patterns the dancers create when entering and leaving the stage have long since become a Bausch trademark.  Though their paths may intersect, individuals rarely meet: each is locked in his own invariable track.  Thus, rare occasions when the entire company moves in unison create a feeling of exhilaration scarcely possible in conventional choreography.

 “I’m not so much interested in how people move as in what moves them”’ Bausch stresses.  Even as a child, she had danced in the pub her parents owned in the town of  Solingen, as “an expression of emotions that couldn’t be put into words”.  The choreographer remains distrustful of attempts to verbalize her themes.   Shy of interviews,. The prefers to speak through the interactions on the stage.  And though she should be accustomed to standing ovations, when she takes her bows at the end of a performance,  she resembles nothing so much  as a startled fawn seeking shelter .

 1n 1972, Bausch was invited to choreograph the bacchanal for the Wuppertal production of Wagner’s Tannhauser; the erotic urgency of her staging led to a contract as Wuppertal’s ballet director.  In the opera house tat nestles against the slate –covered mansion where the radical political theorist Friedrich Engles was born, Bausch launched her own revolution. In 1974, for Gluck’s Iphigenie on Tauris, the singers were banished to boxes in the audience, while dancers took over the stage.  The following year, the director scandalized traditionalists with a production of Stravinsky’s The Rite of Spring for which she used taped music so that the sage could be extended over the orchestra pit and entirely covered with damp soil, thus stressing the work’s primeval quality.

Unconventional settings quickly become another Bausch trademark.  The choreographer has filled the stage with dried leaves, with peat and with fake carnations, flooded it with water and planted it thickly with giant sequoia trees.  Performers carry their own props in and out of these settings, trample the carnations, roll in the dirt, splash in the water and climb  the trees.  For Bausch’s elemental dramas, nothing less than total immersion will surface.  Yet for the choreographer, such behavior is no more remarkable than pedestrians crossing a busy street.  “Compared with reality”  she insists this is nothing.”  In her vision of the stage as a crossroads, there is room for every imaginable idiosyncrasy, skill and physical type.  Indeed, the 27 regular members of the ensemble, look less like a dance company than a random sampling  of  passengers on a crosstown bus.

The eclectic mix is an integral part of the gesamtkunstwerk Pina Bausch strives to create.  Rather than being pressed into a anonymous chorus-line image, each player projects a personal style and often speaks in his or her own mother tongue during a performance.  The linguistic melange is a reinforcement of the collage-like staging and the prerecorded mix of music, which can range from baroque to blues.

Far from presenting her performers with preconceived scenarios and movements in creating new work, Bausch draws on their own fantasies and experiences.  She poses questions, asks the dancers to show her things:  six ways of expressing tenderness, the curl of a wave, saying hello  or goodbye, the sound of silence, the scars on their bodies.  In the dilapidated former cinema the Tanzheater Wuppertal uses as a rehearsal hall, dancers respond with words and gestures that the choreographer videotapes, reviews and shapes into a final composition.  Bausch’s chain-smoking concentration on each nuance creates an atmosphere charged with dramatic energy and creative tension.  Yet she radiates, all the while, that remote, ethereal air which can still mesmerize those who are fortunate enough to see her dance.

A. Guest appearances have made her familiar to audiences throughout the world
B. Fans find traces of her influence not just in the dance world but in theater, film, video clips and even fashion shows 
C. The eccentric style she has evolved… has woven itself into the very fabric of contemporary aesthetics
D. None of the above

A. The ensemble performs the kinds of expressive contortions often associated with ‘modern dance’
B. Her ballet is a string of vignettes 
C. Bausch rejects conventional Choreography to come close to ritual and celebration
D. None of the above

A. The performers carried their own props in and out of these settings
B. She launched her own radical political theory like Frederick Engels 
C. Using taped music  for a Stravinsky production, unconventional setting and looking upon the stage as crossroads
D. None of the above

A. Elements in her choreography that are original and repeated often
B. A copyright of her work
C. Unconventional settings
D. All of the above

A. Spain
B. Germany 
C. America
D. Hongkong

A. The dance company the people from across 15 nationalities
B. Banal ritualistic vignettes 
C. Performers roll in the dirt and splash the water and climb the trees on stage
D. Pina Bausch draws on the performers’ own fantasies and experiences to shape a final composition

PASSAGE-6

Sharp eyes, sharp ears, a keen nose and rhythm in their blood-that’s what papermakers have to bring to their workshop.   In Mino district, not far from Nagoya in central Japan, artisans have perfected a centuries-old method of making paper.  The end result is unique, more versatile than almost any other, as costly  as silk, and indispensable for restorers the world over.

“After  a day or two, almost anyone can manage to coax a few sheets of paper from the vat, but the risk of accepting an order for 50 sheets of identical weight and identical quality should only be taken on after a decade’s experience”, warns 76 year old Sayoko Furuta, the “Mother Queen” of the paper maker’s art in Mino.  Her delicate paper has saved the life of many  beautiful but crumbling scroll, document and ancient map, both at home and abroad.  It pH-neutral, guaranteed for centuries against chemical change, and , even when soaked in glue, doesn’t tear.  Whereas paper produced industrially from wood shavings turns yellow an crumbly with age, the paper made here by hand grows whiter and matures, like a good wine.

Known as washi, this paper long fulfilled important functions in Japanese life.  It was used for lanterns, umbrellas, fans and scrolls, articles which were in use day in, day out, for years, and stood the test  of time.  Jackets and raincoats of treated washi fitted their wearers snugly, while sliding paper windows diffused the sunlight, bathing interiors in a soft and even light.

Hardly any of these articles can be found in Japanese household today, and as often as not they are limitations made of industrially produced paper which is cheaper.  In its heyday at the turn of the century, Mino was home to 4,700 workshops.   Now there are just 30, employing 69 craftsmen each specializing in a particular kind of paper .  Mino has developed into one of three “large”  papermaking centers in Japan, renowned for its tear-proof paper with a very smooth surface.

 In 1971 the Ministry of Education aware of the high quality of Mino paper and eager to protect the craft, declared washi part of Japan’s national heritage.  In view of the dwindling number of workshops and  the wide range of different grades of paper they produce, the rivalries of yesteryear have disappeared.  Today all of Mino’s master papermakers are happy to sit down at one table and drink a cup of sake together.

 A stroll through Warabi, a small riverside village in Mino district, is balm to the eyes.  The houses are regularly distributed at the foot of the hill like scales on a fish, all with their front doors facing south, and with large forecourts.  Not just some murky back room, but the best room in the house is given over to work:  the lightest room,  immediately to the right as your come in, mostly  four by four meters in size, houses all the tools needed for papermaking,

 Now and again  scent of sweetish vapor wafts out of the vat;  pieces of mulberry bark the raw material for washi, are soaked and then simmered for a few hours in a week lye.  This dissolves the natural resins, leaving the fibers lying loosely next to each other.   After a final meticulous inspection, the bark is mashed into a pulp.  Here and there the visitor will come across a long building echoing t merry chatter.  Kneeling at a trough, their legs folded like pocket-knives, elderly ladies inspect the tip of every fiber under cold running water.  They notice soft black impurities at once by sight, light woody growth by tough, and both by experience.  Now it is up to the master-who may well be a woman-to scoop out regular sheets from the vat in which the fibers are immersed.  To do this a screen made of fine bamboo or silk  is used.  The next day, the pile is pressed, and the damp paper is drawn over wooden panels with soft brushes and dried out in the sun.

To explain the intricacies of making washi, master papermaker Danjaku Ichihara draws a simple comparison:  “A cake will always work:  500 grams of flour a pound of butter, 125 grams of sugar- the proportion don’t change, no matter whether its raining, snowing or there’s a thunderstorm raging outside.  For our paper, though, we have no such fixed recipe”.  The masters change their proportions almost intuitively according to the air pressure, temperature and humidity.  The ingredients are organic, and their behavior varies with the weather.

 “We   also have to plan production so that we have good drying weather when we’re finishing with the scooping process”, work in a very short time.  “My parents were better weather forecasters than the experts on the radio”.  He laughs.

 The quality of the paper can also suffer as a result of another kind of “atmospheric”  disturbance.  “When I’m making these large sheets with my  husband, we declare a marital truce”, says Mrs.  Asako Ohta, as she dips the long frame into the vat in unison with him “A number of orders have come in during some domestic crisis.  The result was akin to scrambled eggs on the bamboo screen”

 Married couples form the cores of the team in a workshop.  Outsiders are rarely employed.  Although it’s mostly the women who stand at the vat the whole day, while their  husbands boil the bark and dry the paper, it’s the latter whose names appear on the certificates, and who do the taking in negotiations.  But the lady masters are content to leave these formalities to the menfolk while they get on with more important matters, such as refining techniques.

 But  the papermakers are only one section of the orchestra.  Without the crafts men who make the screens, the precisely trimmed framed and boiling utensils, and without the farmers who grow the mulberry trees, no master would ever be able to produce a single sheet of paper.  But the number of such workshops and plantations has sunk to a dangerous level:  there are only five screen weavers and three frame-makers left in the whole of Japan.

Restorers of ancient documents and calligraphic scrolls are the only people still absolutely dependent on handmade paper, Sotaro Yamaguchi in Yaizu city needs three different kinds of paper to restore the suppleness to scrolls which have grown brittle with age.  “We are very worried about the short age of apprentice papermakers”, says Yamaguchi. “Papermaking is like an oral tradition, passed on from generation to generation like the baton in a relay race.  If it’s once dropped, the whole rhythm si lost, a rhythm which has been handed on from person to person for over a thousand years”.

A. It can stand the test of time
B. The ingredients used to make washi are sensitive to weather 
C. It is more expensive and therefore collector’s material
D. It is waterproof and tearproof

A. A&C
B. only A
C. B & D
D. only B

A. only A
B. A & C 
C. B & C
D. only C

What are the external factors that can affect washi making?}
A]  Fewer number of screen weavers and frame makers.
B]  Erratic weather conditions.
C]  No written treatise on wash making
D] A depreciation of the yen.

A. only C
B. A & B
C. only D
D. A & C

A. CABD
B. ABCD
C. BCAD
D. CBAD

A. All of the above
B.  A,B & C 
C. A & C
D. Only D

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